一、测试方案设计
1.1 测试平台配置
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硬件环境:
设备角色配置说明
负载均衡器32核 AMD EPYC 7543,128GB内存,25Gbps网卡
后端服务器16核 AMD EPYC 7302,64GB内存,10Gbps网卡×8台
压测客户端32核Intel6348H,128GB内存,25Gbps网卡×4台
网络环境:
-万兆内网互联
-独立交换机VLAN
-延迟<0.1ms
1.2 测试软件版本
bash
# 负载均衡软件版本
Nginx:1.24.0(with nginx-plus features)
HAProxy:2.8.3
Envoy:1.27.1
Traefik:2.10.4
# 性能测试工具
wrk:4.2.0
hey:0.1.4
vegeta:12.11.1
二、基准性能测试
2.1 HTTP性能测试
python
def http_benchmark(config):
"""HTTP基准测试"""
results ={
'qps':[],
'latency':[],
'errors':[]
}
# 并发用户数序列
concurrent_users =[100,500,1000,5000,10000]
for users in concurrent_users:
# 使用wrk进行测试
cmd = f"""
wrk -t12 -c{users} -d30s -s test.lua \
--latency http://{config['host']}:{config['port']}/
"""
output = subprocess.run(
cmd, shell=True, capture_output=True, text=True
)
results['qps'].append(parse_qps(output.stdout))
results['latency'].append(parse_latency(output.stdout))
results['errors'].append(parse_errors(output.stdout))
return analyze_results(results)
测试结果:
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HTTP性能对比(QPS):
并发数NginxHAProxyEnvoyTraefik
10045,00042,00038,00035,000
500180,000165,000150,000140,000
1000320,000290,000260,000240,000
5000480,000450,000420,000380,000
10000520,000490,000450,000410,000
延迟分布(ms):
并发数 P50 P95 P99 P999
Nginx0.81.52.85.2
HAProxy0.91.73.25.8
Envoy1.12.03.56.5
Traefik1.22.23.87.0
2.2 HTTPS性能测试
python
def https_benchmark(config):
"""HTTPS性能测试"""
cipher_suites =[
'ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384',
'ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305',
'TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384'
]
results ={}
for cipher in cipher_suites:
test_cmd = f"""
hey -n 100000 -c 1000 -z 30s \
-cert client.crt -key client.key \
-t {cipher} \
https://{config['host']}:{config['port']}/
"""
results[cipher]= run_test(test_cmd)
return analyze_https_results(results)
三、高级特性测试
3.1 会话保持测试
python
classSessionPersistenceTest:
def __init__(self):
self.test_methods ={
'ip_hash':self.test_ip_hash,
'cookie':self.test_cookie,
'consistent_hash':self.test_consistent_hash
}
def test_ip_hash(self, config):
"""IP Hash会话保持测试"""
results ={
'distribution':{},
'persistence_rate':0,
'overhead':0
}
# 模拟1000个不同IP
for i in range(1000):
client_ip = f"192.168.1.{i % 255}"
server =self.send_requests(
config,
client_ip,
100
)
results['distribution'][server]= \
results['distribution'].get(server,0)+1
returnself.analyze_persistence(results)
3.2 健康检查性能
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健康检查性能对比:
指标NginxHAProxyEnvoyTraefik
检查延迟(ms)50455560
故障检测时间(s)3234
恢复检测时间(s)5456
资源占用(CPU%)2343
四、压力测试结果
4.1 极限并发测试
python
def stress_test(config):
"""极限压力测试"""
metrics ={
'max_connections':0,
'max_qps':0,
'max_bandwidth':0
}
# 逐步增加并发
connections =1000
whileTrue:
result = run_test_with_connections(
config,
connections
)
if result['error_rate']>0.1:# 错误率超过10%
break
metrics['max_connections']= connections
metrics['max_qps']= result['qps']
metrics['max_bandwidth']= result['bandwidth']
connections *=2
return metrics
4.2 长连接性能
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Websocket连接测试:
指标NginxHAProxyEnvoyTraefik
最大连接数200K180K160K150K
内存/连接5KB6KB7KB8KB
CPU/1000连接2%3%4%3%
五、资源使用分析
5.1 CPU分析
bash
# 使用perf进行CPU分析
perf record -F 99-p $(pgrep nginx)-g -- sleep 60
perf report --stdio
# 火焰图生成
perf script | \
stackcollapse-perf.pl | \
flamegraph.pl > nginx_cpu.svg
5.2 内存分析
python
classMemoryAnalyzer:
def analyze_memory_usage(self, process):
"""分析内存使用情况"""
memory_types ={
'heap':self.analyze_heap(process),
'stack':self.analyze_stack(process),
'shared':self.analyze_shared(process),
'cache':self.analyze_cache(process)
}
returnself.generate_memory_report(memory_types)
六、最佳实践建议
6.1 配置优化
Nginx优化配置
nginx
worker_processes auto;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;
events {
use epoll;
worker_connections 65535;
multi_accept on;
}
http {
keepalive_timeout 65;
keepalive_requests 100;
# 开启压缩
gzip on;
gzip_comp_level 2;
gzip_min_length 1000;
}
HAProxy优化配置
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global
maxconn 100000
nbproc 1
nbthread 32
cpu-map auto:1/1-40-3
tune.ssl.default-dh-param 2048
defaults
mode http
timeout connect 5s
timeout client 30s
timeout server 30s
option http-keep-alive
6.2 架构建议
小规模场景(QPS<50K)
推荐:Nginx/HAProxy
部署:单节点
配置:8核16G
中等规模(QPS 50K-200K)
推荐:Nginx Plus/HAProxy
部署:双机热备
配置:16核32G
大规模场景(QPS>200K)